A biophysical profile (BPP) includes which of the following components?

The biophysical profile (BPP) is a comprehensive assessment that evaluates five key components related to the well-being of the fetus, helping to ascertain whether the fetus is receiving adequate oxygen and nutrients. The correct choice outlines these components clearly:

1. An NST (non-stress test) measures fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement, indicating how well the fetus is tolerating the environment and ensuring adequate oxygenation.

2. Fetal breathing movements assess the diaphragm's activity and the fetus's ability to inhale and exhale amniotic fluid, which is essential for lung development.

3. Fetal movement evaluates the overall activity of the fetus, reflecting neurological health and well-being.

4. Fetal tone assesses muscle tone and movement in the limbs, providing insight into the neurological and muscular development of the fetus.

5. Amniotic fluid volume measures the amount of amniotic fluid present, which is crucial as it protects the fetus and facilitates movement, as well as acting as a buffer.

This holistic approach allows healthcare providers to monitor fetal health and make informed decisions regarding management and interventions if necessary. Other options may contain some components related to fetal well-being, but they do not encompass all the critical elements assessed in a complete biophysical profile.